Michigan
Loan-first displacement
U-M treats outside scholarships as a resource within the financial aid package. Outside aid is first applied against unmet costs (gap between COA and EFC + aid), then reduces loan or Work-Study, and only reduces grants once loan/Work-Study has been fully replaced. State-funded awards and the Detroit-pipeline scholarships are an exception: they reduce U-M institutional grants directly.
Michigan reduces loans first when outside aid arrives. That swap shows up at graduation as less debt rather than at billing as a lower invoice.
finaid.umich.edu publishes the $84,164 cost-of-attendance worksheet the math is run against.